related

related, cognate, kindred, allied, affiliated can all mean connected by or as if by close family ties. Related, when referred to persons, usually implies consanguinity, but sometimes implies connection by marriage

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the royal families in Europe are nearly all related to each other

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When applied to things, related suggests an often close connection, the particular nature of which is to be gathered from the context

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related species

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related events

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related activities

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every part of an organism is related to the other parts

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body and soul are contrasted, but related, concepts

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Cognate differs from related chiefly in being referable only to things that are generically alike or that can be shown to have a common ancestor or source or to be derived from the same root or stock

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cognate races

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cognate languages

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cognate words in various languages, such as pater, Vater, father

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physics and chemistry are cognate sciences

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Kindred, in its primary sense, stresses blood relationship

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kindred members of a community

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In its more common extended sense, it implies such likenesses as common interests, tastes, aims, or qualities that might be characteristic of a family. When the reference is to persons, congeniality is usually connoted

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he would never be popular . . . but he might appeal to a little circle of kindred minds— Joyce

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When applied to things, a more obvious connection or a closer likeness is implied than in related

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kindred qualities in two otherwise alien tongues [Hebrew and English]— Lowes

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Allied more often implies connection by union than by origin, and especially by marriage or by voluntary association. It often connotes a more remote family connection than related

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the Raycie blood was . . . still to be traced in various allied families: Kents, Huzzards, Cosbys— Wharton

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In its extended use it usually stresses relation based on the possession of common characters, qualities, aims, or effects which lead either to union or to inclusion in the same class or category

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allied physical types

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allied societies

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allied diseases

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Affiliated also stresses connection by union, but it may imply a dependent relation such as that of a child to a parent. Sometimes it implies the adoption of the weaker by the stronger

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a small college affiliated to a university

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Sometimes it connotes a loose union in which the affiliating units retain their independence, but derive support or strength from the main, central, or parent body, or cooperate in its work

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Monte Cassino and affiliated monasteries

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the CIO and its affiliated unions

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Analogous words: associated, connected (see JOIN): *reciprocal, corresponding, correlative, convertible, complementary: akin, identical, alike, analogous (see LIKE): *relevant, germane, pertinent